We will create new rule file inside /etc/udev/rules.d/
Follow the steps:
1. insert pendrive and see device name using "fdisk -l", in my case it is '/dev/sdb1'
2. create a file named '99-udev.rules' and make entry as shown
(any name can be given but it is necessary to end it with ".rules")
# vim /etc/udev/rules.d/99-udev.rules
KERNEL=="sdb1", Name="addy", MODE="0600", OWNER="root"
:wq (save and exit)
3. # mount /dev/addy /mnt
We need to be a super user to perform this action, more options can be appended in rule file as per our requirement, kindly go through udev man pages.
Thursday, September 10, 2009
Tuesday, September 8, 2009
And the very next mail from RMS's friend John :-)
Flag this message
Re: Hello Richard
Sunday, 17 May, 2009 7:37 AM
From:
"John C. Vernaleo"
Add sender to Contacts
To:
"ADARSH SINGH"
Hi. I'm John (john@netpurgatory.com). As RMS may have said, I'm the
one who gets people volunteering set up. Of the current people
helping, I've been doing it the longest, so if you have any trouble,
just email me, and there is a good chance I know what is up. And I
can usually answer faster than rms. For the most part I don't do
normal updates anymore due to time issues, but I try to make sure
everything runs smoothly.
Before you can log in, please email me an ssh key (as an attachment).
If you need help doing that, let me know. After you can log in, you
should send rms an email so he can add you to the email list that he
sends updates to.
Once I've put your ssh key in, so you should be able to connect with a simple ssh rms@stallman.org (we all log in as rms so permissions don't become a problem). If it doesn't work, let me know.
RMS sends emails to everyone, usually a few a day. The majority of them are the pol-notes. These need to be put in the current pol-note file. At the moment, that file is ~/public_html/archives/2009-mar-jun.html. This file is switched with a new file every two months by a cron job (where the new file overlaps with the old one by a month). Also, an rss feed is made from the current page by a cron job.
Pick some text from the note (or a slight variation if it sounds better) as the title and put this in a line by itself above the last pol-note. Then in emacs type Meta-x fix-pol-note to format the title properly.
Then put the text of the note and put the link somewhere appropriate.
For urgent notes, they go in the pol-note page (with the title urgent note and some unique number if there are more than one for that day) and in the urgent note section of the main page. Expired urgent note should occasionally be removed from the main page only.
Long term note only go on the main page. Anything else, just follow the instructions in the email. Recently, we've been doing a lot of unsubscribe requests for mailing lists from rms.
You should send an email to rms (not to stallman.org) and to me after
you update things with a quick update of what you've done (4
pol-notes, 2 urgent note or something like that).
Currently the only way we coordinate things is to just look at the website and see what has already been done. I also tend to type "who" when I log on to make sure no one else is editing when I am.
There are a lot of pages in ~/public_html/photos, but those are all automatically generated, so don't worry about them.
They main page is valid html and we are trying to keep that up. Slowly other pages are also being made to validate, so try to keep that in mind. The pol-note pages are not valid at the moment.
Also, in case you are worried about backups, I have a cron job on my home machine that rsyncs ~rms to a spare disk on my machine once a week, and keeps dated tarballs of it that go back a little more than a month.
Thanks for helping.
John
Re: Hello Richard
Sunday, 17 May, 2009 7:37 AM
From:
"John C. Vernaleo"
Add sender to Contacts
To:
"ADARSH SINGH"
Hi. I'm John (john@netpurgatory.com). As RMS may have said, I'm the
one who gets people volunteering set up. Of the current people
helping, I've been doing it the longest, so if you have any trouble,
just email me, and there is a good chance I know what is up. And I
can usually answer faster than rms. For the most part I don't do
normal updates anymore due to time issues, but I try to make sure
everything runs smoothly.
Before you can log in, please email me an ssh key (as an attachment).
If you need help doing that, let me know. After you can log in, you
should send rms an email so he can add you to the email list that he
sends updates to.
Once I've put your ssh key in, so you should be able to connect with a simple ssh rms@stallman.org (we all log in as rms so permissions don't become a problem). If it doesn't work, let me know.
RMS sends emails to everyone, usually a few a day. The majority of them are the pol-notes. These need to be put in the current pol-note file. At the moment, that file is ~/public_html/archives/2009-mar-jun.html. This file is switched with a new file every two months by a cron job (where the new file overlaps with the old one by a month). Also, an rss feed is made from the current page by a cron job.
Pick some text from the note (or a slight variation if it sounds better) as the title and put this in a line by itself above the last pol-note. Then in emacs type Meta-x fix-pol-note to format the title properly.
Then put the text of the note and put the link somewhere appropriate.
For urgent notes, they go in the pol-note page (with the title urgent note and some unique number if there are more than one for that day) and in the urgent note section of the main page. Expired urgent note should occasionally be removed from the main page only.
Long term note only go on the main page. Anything else, just follow the instructions in the email. Recently, we've been doing a lot of unsubscribe requests for mailing lists from rms.
You should send an email to rms (not to stallman.org) and to me after
you update things with a quick update of what you've done (4
pol-notes, 2 urgent note or something like that).
Currently the only way we coordinate things is to just look at the website and see what has already been done. I also tend to type "who" when I log on to make sure no one else is editing when I am.
There are a lot of pages in ~/public_html/photos, but those are all automatically generated, so don't worry about them.
They main page is valid html and we are trying to keep that up. Slowly other pages are also being made to validate, so try to keep that in mind. The pol-note pages are not valid at the moment.
Also, in case you are worried about backups, I have a cron job on my home machine that rsyncs ~rms to a spare disk on my machine once a week, and keeps dated tarballs of it that go back a little more than a month.
Thanks for helping.
John
Now, Working with RMS, THE LEADER OF FREE WORLD :-) ((here is the copy of his mail))
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Re: Hello Richard
Friday, 15 May, 2009 1:38 PM
From:
"ADARSH SINGH"
Add sender to Contacts
To:
rms@gnu.org
Hello RMS,
I am pleased to have your reply,
Ya I would like to do it with pleasure, Anything for the Leader of Free World Revolution.
Now, lets move towards the work, You are talking about political and exigent notes, is it associated with open source/FSF ?
Ya, I am interested in this work, tell me what/How to do and from when I can start ?
Thanks
Bye
--- On Thu, 14/5/09, Richard M Stallman wrote:
From: Richard M Stallman
Subject: Re: Hello Richard
To: "ADARSH SINGH"
Date: Thursday, 14 May, 2009, 11:48 PM
The task is simply to login on stallman.org every day
(or nearly every day) and install any political notes
and urgent notes that are waiting for installation.
It doesn't require deep knowledge of HTML or web design.
I'm looking for someone who will reliably do this for months or even
years. It is not a lot of work, especially if there are two or three
people dividing the task, but it is important for it to be done often.
Would you like to do this?
Mark as Unread | Print
Flag this message
Re: Hello Richard
Friday, 15 May, 2009 1:38 PM
From:
"ADARSH SINGH"
Add sender to Contacts
To:
rms@gnu.org
Hello RMS,
I am pleased to have your reply,
Ya I would like to do it with pleasure, Anything for the Leader of Free World Revolution.
Now, lets move towards the work, You are talking about political and exigent notes, is it associated with open source/FSF ?
Ya, I am interested in this work, tell me what/How to do and from when I can start ?
Thanks
Bye
--- On Thu, 14/5/09, Richard M Stallman
From: Richard M Stallman
Subject: Re: Hello Richard
To: "ADARSH SINGH"
Date: Thursday, 14 May, 2009, 11:48 PM
The task is simply to login on stallman.org every day
(or nearly every day) and install any political notes
and urgent notes that are waiting for installation.
It doesn't require deep knowledge of HTML or web design.
I'm looking for someone who will reliably do this for months or even
years. It is not a lot of work, especially if there are two or three
people dividing the task, but it is important for it to be done often.
Would you like to do this?
Create multiple users at a time.
It is a very time consuming job to create new users and supply passwords frequently.
By the following small script we can easily create multiple users with passwords.
In my example there are 3 users (user1, user2 and user3) but we can take any number.
# for USER in user1 user2 user3
do
useradd $USER
passwd $USER
done
Just hit 'enter' and you will be directly prompted for password for all the three users.
By the following small script we can easily create multiple users with passwords.
In my example there are 3 users (user1, user2 and user3) but we can take any number.
# for USER in user1 user2 user3
do
useradd $USER
passwd $USER
done
Just hit 'enter' and you will be directly prompted for password for all the three users.
Saturday, September 5, 2009
!!! Pack 6 Linux Distros into one USB Flashdrive !!!
!!! Pack 6 Linux Distros into one USB Flashdrive !!!
----------------------------------------------------
Yes, this is now very easy to have 6 or even more Linux distros in a single pendrive.
I'm trying to explain how we can pack them in a pendrive.
But, for this your Motherboard should support booting fron flashdrives
a.I'm using Dell Inspiron
b.Intel core 2 Duo 1.83 GHz
c.Cent-OS as operating system
d.Transend JFv33 drive
((for any support or ready configuration mail me on "addi_adarsh@yahoo.co.in"))
_________________________________________________________________________
Please keep two terminals open, one is for root user and the other is for normal user.
# -> Root user
$ -> Normal user
((Be Careful with this))
We should have the ISO images of the distros ready so that we can easily mount it and get the essential files.
Here in my case the distros are :
Austrumi,Puppy Linux, Slitaz, CDLinux, DSL, GeeXbox
__________________________________________________________________________
Follow the steps:
1. $ mkdir -p work_dir/mbcd/boot
2. $ cd work_dir
Now, create 6 directories in /mnt for mounting 6 distros's ISO files
3. # mkdir /mnt/tmp{1,2,3,4,5,6}
Mount different ISO images one by one in tmp1,tmp2.....and so on and one more thing which we should keep in mind is we will use normal user's UID/GID while mounting.
4. # mount austrumi*.iso /mnt/tmp1 -o loop,uid=500,gid=500
5. # mount puppy*.iso /mnt/tmp2 -o loop,uid=500,gid=500
6. # mount slitaz*.iso /mnt/tmp3 -o loop,uid=500,gid=500
7. # mount CDlinux*.iso /mnt/tmp4 -o loop,uid=500,gid=500
8. # mount dsl*.iso /mnt/tmp5 -o loop,uid=500,gid=500
9. # mount geexbox*.iso /mnt/tmp6 -o loop,uid=500,gid=500
All the ISO images are successfully mounted and it's time to copy essential files from /mnt/tmp1... to /home//work_dir/....
_________________________________________________________________________________
1. $ cd work_dir (and all the below should be executed from here only)
Austrumi
--------
2. $ cp /mnt/tmp1/boot/austrumi.* mbcd/boot/
3. $ mkdir mbcd/boot/austrumi
4. $ cp /mnt/tmp1/isolinux/initrd.gz /mbcd/boot/austrumi
5. $ cp /mnt/tmp1/isolinux/bzImage /mbcd/boot/austrumi
Puppy Linux
-----------
6. $ mkdir mbcd/boot/puppy mbcd/Puppy
7. $ cp /mnt/tmp2/initrd.gz mbcd/boot/puppy
8. $ cp /mnt/tmp2/vmlinuz mbcd/boot/puppy
9. $ cp /mnt/tmp2/zdrv_400.sfs mbcd/Puppy
SliTz
-----
10.$ mkdir mbcd/boot/slitaz
11.$ cp /mnt/tmp3/boot/bzImage mbcd/boot/slitaz
12.$ cp /mnt/tmp3/boot/rootfs.gz mbcd/boot/slitaz
13.$ cp /mnt/tmp3/boot/vmlinu-*-slitaz mbcd/boot
Cdlinux
-------
14. $ mkdir mbcd/boot/cdlinux mbcd/Cdlinux
15. $ cp /mnt/tmp4/CDlinux/bzImage mbcd/boot/cdlinux
16. $ cp -r /mnt/tmp4/CDlinux/extra mbcd/CDlinux
17. $ cp -r /mnt/tmp4/Cdlinux/settings mbcd/CDlinux
DSL
---
18. $ mkdir mbcd/boot/dsl mbcd/dsl
19. $ cp /mnt/tmp5/boot/isolinux/linux24 mbcd/boot/dsl
20. $ cp /mnt/tmp5/boot/isolinux/minirt24.gz mbcd/boot/dsl
21. $ cp /mnt/tmp5/KNOPPIX/KNOPPIX mbcd/dsl
GeeXboX
-------
22. $ mkdir mbcd/boot/geexbox
23. $ cp /mnt/tmp6/GEEXBOX/boot/vmlinuz mbcd/boot/geexbox
24. $ cp /mnt/tmp6/GEEXBOX/boot/initrd.gz mbcd/boot/geexbox
25. $ cp /mnt/tmp6/GEEXBOX/boot/splash.png mbcd/boot/geexbox
26. $ cp -r /mnt/tmp6/GEEXBOX mbcd/
27. $ chmod -R u+w mbcd/GEEXBOX
28. $ rm -r mbcd/GEEXBOX/boot
__________________________________________________________________
Now, we will create a grub directory and copy "stage2_eltorito" file in it.
$ mkdir mbcd/boot/grub
$ rpm grub rpm -ql grub | grep stage2_eltorito
((see where this file is located and copy it in mbcd/boot/grub))
$ cp ........./stage2_eltorito mbcd/boot/grub
___________________________________________________________________
Make an image with GIMP as splash.jpg and convert it like this:
$ convert -colos 14 -depth 8 resize 640*480! splash.jpg splash.xpm.gz
$ cp splash.xpm.gz mbcd/boot/grub/
______________________________________________________________________
Now, create a grub.conf file as shown below:
$ vim mbcd/boot/grub/grub.conf
splashimage=/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz
title Autrumi
kernel /boot/austrumi/bzImage dousb
initrd /boot/austrumi/initrd.gz
title Puppy
kernel /boot/puppy/vmlinuz pmedia=usbflash
initrd /boot/puppy/initrd.gz
title CDlinux
kernel /boot/cdlinux/bzImage quiet
initrd /boot/cdlinux/initrd
title Slitaz
kernel /boot/slitaz/bzImage rw root/dev/null vga=normal
initrd /boot/slitaz/rootfs.gz
title DSL
kernel /boot/dsl/linux24 ramdisk_size=100000 init=/etc/init
initrd /boot/dsl/minirt24.gz
title GeeXboX
kernel /boot/geexbox/vmlinuz root=/dev/ram0 rw rdinit=linuxrc boot=UUID= lang=en remote=atiusb receiver=atiusb keymap=qwerty splash=silent vga=789 video=vesafb:ywrap,mtrr hdtv quiet
initrd /boot/geexbox/initrd.gz
___________________________________________________________________
In my case pendrive is "/dev/sdb1"
Then we will copy the contents of work_dir in flashdrive:
# mount /dev/sdb1 /media/disk/
# cp -r /home/.../work_done/mbcd/* /media/disk/
___________________________________________________________________
Now, Its time for installing Grub in flash drive:
# grub-install --root-directory=/media/disk /dev/sdX
# umount /dev/sdxy
# parted /dev/sdX set y boot on
((e.g. /dev/sdb1 => X=b & y=1))
_____________________________________________________________________
Here, we are DONE
Boot from Pen drive and enjoy 6 distros, Space occupied in pendrive is approximately 350 MBs
*****************************************************************************************
----------------------------------------------------
Yes, this is now very easy to have 6 or even more Linux distros in a single pendrive.
I'm trying to explain how we can pack them in a pendrive.
But, for this your Motherboard should support booting fron flashdrives
a.I'm using Dell Inspiron
b.Intel core 2 Duo 1.83 GHz
c.Cent-OS as operating system
d.Transend JFv33 drive
((for any support or ready configuration mail me on "addi_adarsh@yahoo.co.in"))
_________________________________________________________________________
Please keep two terminals open, one is for root user and the other is for normal user.
# -> Root user
$ -> Normal user
((Be Careful with this))
We should have the ISO images of the distros ready so that we can easily mount it and get the essential files.
Here in my case the distros are :
Austrumi,Puppy Linux, Slitaz, CDLinux, DSL, GeeXbox
__________________________________________________________________________
Follow the steps:
1. $ mkdir -p work_dir/mbcd/boot
2. $ cd work_dir
Now, create 6 directories in /mnt for mounting 6 distros's ISO files
3. # mkdir /mnt/tmp{1,2,3,4,5,6}
Mount different ISO images one by one in tmp1,tmp2.....and so on and one more thing which we should keep in mind is we will use normal user's UID/GID while mounting.
4. # mount austrumi*.iso /mnt/tmp1 -o loop,uid=500,gid=500
5. # mount puppy*.iso /mnt/tmp2 -o loop,uid=500,gid=500
6. # mount slitaz*.iso /mnt/tmp3 -o loop,uid=500,gid=500
7. # mount CDlinux*.iso /mnt/tmp4 -o loop,uid=500,gid=500
8. # mount dsl*.iso /mnt/tmp5 -o loop,uid=500,gid=500
9. # mount geexbox*.iso /mnt/tmp6 -o loop,uid=500,gid=500
All the ISO images are successfully mounted and it's time to copy essential files from /mnt/tmp1... to /home/
_________________________________________________________________________________
1. $ cd work_dir (and all the below should be executed from here only)
Austrumi
--------
2. $ cp /mnt/tmp1/boot/austrumi.* mbcd/boot/
3. $ mkdir mbcd/boot/austrumi
4. $ cp /mnt/tmp1/isolinux/initrd.gz /mbcd/boot/austrumi
5. $ cp /mnt/tmp1/isolinux/bzImage /mbcd/boot/austrumi
Puppy Linux
-----------
6. $ mkdir mbcd/boot/puppy mbcd/Puppy
7. $ cp /mnt/tmp2/initrd.gz mbcd/boot/puppy
8. $ cp /mnt/tmp2/vmlinuz mbcd/boot/puppy
9. $ cp /mnt/tmp2/zdrv_400.sfs mbcd/Puppy
SliTz
-----
10.$ mkdir mbcd/boot/slitaz
11.$ cp /mnt/tmp3/boot/bzImage mbcd/boot/slitaz
12.$ cp /mnt/tmp3/boot/rootfs.gz mbcd/boot/slitaz
13.$ cp /mnt/tmp3/boot/vmlinu-*-slitaz mbcd/boot
Cdlinux
-------
14. $ mkdir mbcd/boot/cdlinux mbcd/Cdlinux
15. $ cp /mnt/tmp4/CDlinux/bzImage mbcd/boot/cdlinux
16. $ cp -r /mnt/tmp4/CDlinux/extra mbcd/CDlinux
17. $ cp -r /mnt/tmp4/Cdlinux/settings mbcd/CDlinux
DSL
---
18. $ mkdir mbcd/boot/dsl mbcd/dsl
19. $ cp /mnt/tmp5/boot/isolinux/linux24 mbcd/boot/dsl
20. $ cp /mnt/tmp5/boot/isolinux/minirt24.gz mbcd/boot/dsl
21. $ cp /mnt/tmp5/KNOPPIX/KNOPPIX mbcd/dsl
GeeXboX
-------
22. $ mkdir mbcd/boot/geexbox
23. $ cp /mnt/tmp6/GEEXBOX/boot/vmlinuz mbcd/boot/geexbox
24. $ cp /mnt/tmp6/GEEXBOX/boot/initrd.gz mbcd/boot/geexbox
25. $ cp /mnt/tmp6/GEEXBOX/boot/splash.png mbcd/boot/geexbox
26. $ cp -r /mnt/tmp6/GEEXBOX mbcd/
27. $ chmod -R u+w mbcd/GEEXBOX
28. $ rm -r mbcd/GEEXBOX/boot
__________________________________________________________________
Now, we will create a grub directory and copy "stage2_eltorito" file in it.
$ mkdir mbcd/boot/grub
$ rpm grub rpm -ql grub | grep stage2_eltorito
((see where this file is located and copy it in mbcd/boot/grub))
$ cp ........./stage2_eltorito mbcd/boot/grub
___________________________________________________________________
Make an image with GIMP as splash.jpg and convert it like this:
$ convert -colos 14 -depth 8 resize 640*480! splash.jpg splash.xpm.gz
$ cp splash.xpm.gz mbcd/boot/grub/
______________________________________________________________________
Now, create a grub.conf file as shown below:
$ vim mbcd/boot/grub/grub.conf
splashimage=/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz
title Autrumi
kernel /boot/austrumi/bzImage dousb
initrd /boot/austrumi/initrd.gz
title Puppy
kernel /boot/puppy/vmlinuz pmedia=usbflash
initrd /boot/puppy/initrd.gz
title CDlinux
kernel /boot/cdlinux/bzImage quiet
initrd /boot/cdlinux/initrd
title Slitaz
kernel /boot/slitaz/bzImage rw root/dev/null vga=normal
initrd /boot/slitaz/rootfs.gz
title DSL
kernel /boot/dsl/linux24 ramdisk_size=100000 init=/etc/init
initrd /boot/dsl/minirt24.gz
title GeeXboX
kernel /boot/geexbox/vmlinuz root=/dev/ram0 rw rdinit=linuxrc boot=UUID=
initrd /boot/geexbox/initrd.gz
___________________________________________________________________
In my case pendrive is "/dev/sdb1"
Then we will copy the contents of work_dir in flashdrive:
# mount /dev/sdb1 /media/disk/
# cp -r /home/.../work_done/mbcd/* /media/disk/
___________________________________________________________________
Now, Its time for installing Grub in flash drive:
# grub-install --root-directory=/media/disk /dev/sdX
# umount /dev/sdxy
# parted /dev/sdX set y boot on
((e.g. /dev/sdb1 => X=b & y=1))
_____________________________________________________________________
Here, we are DONE
Boot from Pen drive and enjoy 6 distros, Space occupied in pendrive is approximately 350 MBs
*****************************************************************************************
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